NAME : YUNITA RUBI LESTARI
NIM : RSA1C110007
1). To find compound effective
Dari Yang paled
MATERIAL natural compounds,
in addition to using Appropriate Toxicity Data can
ALSO use analytical
methods Isolation. Isolated compounds can
be developed outreach process Illustrations That paled
find effective compounds.
Know the structure of the new compound CHEMICAL
nil would be a "lead
compound" In, formation so you can scale the Great Illustrations synthetic. Modify Structure
O compounds, compounds
Which Will Able
to withstand levbih On. The pure compound
was isolated ALSO be tested with different bioactivity, based not only related to the use of AT
New Media bioactivity customary. In addition to using the method of extraction ALSO Insulation can be
used to find active compounds. Illustration order to extract only
contains active compounds contained in Yang,
raw MATERIALS /
Experience The penyari
The optimal hedge
Liquids Able to
attract active compounds. Pure active compounds
can be administered Illustration of looping, the dose given is more accurate. My
husband, of course, can be achieved when kita managed to
get pure compounds role Illustration biokativitasnya and share experimental
dilakuakn selnajutnya to find the dose, the
dose was prepared New Articles
The RIGHT Way
And The right
way to give. The
term is not Here Again gambling. There
are several methods of extraction using Natural
MATERIALS raw, such
as maceration, infundasi, digestion, percolation and
soxletasi.
2). Utilization of Plant Medicine
Since ancient times herbs have been utilized by humans to
treat various types of diseases. How
traditional medicine using the natural ingredients have been recorded in
various documents stored neatly in China, India and North Africa. Even
to this day still plant an exclusive source for producing chemical compounds
that have a variety of pharmacological activities.
Data
from a scientific journal reported, there were approximately 25% of all drugs
prescribed to patients, a drug compounds derived from plants, 121 of which
active substance is still in use today. Of
252 basic drugs and esential set by the WHO, 11% of whom are drug compounds
that are exclusively derived from plants and in significant numbers also
include synthetic compounds derived from natural precursor materials (1). Some
examples of essential drugs isolated from plants antaralain digoxin from
Digitalis spp plants, quinine and kinidin from Chinchona spp, morphine and
codeine from Papaver somniferum and atropine from Atropa Belladona.
Prior to the 19th century in the form of extracts of
plants used to treat various diseases. Around
the beginning of the 19th century there was a change in the era of utilization
of medicinal plants. At
this time, scientists have managed to isolate pure compounds from plants such
as strychnine, quinine, morphine, etc., which is still used as a drug. In
this period of secondary metabolites from plants being the main target of
research in order to find chemical compounds that have the potential as a
medicine.
Plants
selected as the source material providers are important in medicine caused by
several things, among others:
•
Plants can produce pure compounds that can be used directly as a drug. Examples are
morphine quinine, vincristine and vinblastine.
•
Plants can produce chemicals that can be used as model compounds in the
synthesis of total or partial synthetic (modified structure) into compounds
more effective or less toxic. Examples
of drugs that are based on a model of natural compounds is metformin,
verapamil, morphine, etc. taxolphodophyllotoxin.
•
plant extracts can be used for treatment, without having to go through the
insulating phase of pure compounds. Examples
include gingko biloba and herbal medicines circulating in Indonesia.
Recent
years these drug compounds produced from natural materials have become of
particular concern to the pharmaceutical industry. As
can be seen from the development representatifnya compound taxol, etoposide and
artemisin who have managed through the clinical testing phase. Taxol
is a chemical compound that was first isolated from the plant Taxus brevifolia.
Isolation
and structure determination of these compounds is based on the results of
initial laboratory research showing that extracts of this plant showed activity
against cancer cells. Although
the bioactivity testing has been done in the early 1960s, the isolation and
determination of new chemical structures completed in 1971. After
going through the various stages of research, in 1980 the successful clinical
testing in the 1990s dilakukan.Sekitar compound taxol and Taxotere derivatives
turned out to have been clinically proven to be effective against breast cancer
(breast cancer) and ovarian cancer (ovarian cancer) (2)
Podophyllin
resin was first isolated from the plant Podophyllum peltatum, are compounds
that are toxic. The
main component of the resin is a memepunyai phodophyllotoxin lignans aktiviatas
inhibit cell division. Due
to the toxic nature of these compounds are less likely to be used as medicine. But
look aktvitasnya can inhibit cell division, these compounds may be indicated
compounds have potential cancer chemotherapy. A
semisynthetic compound etoposide were made based on model compounds
phodophyllotoxin apparently been tested clinically effective against lung
cancer and testicular cancer (2)
Artemisinin
is a chemical compound isolated from the plant Artemisia annua. Clinical
testing has shown that this compound is used as an antimalarial effective and
can be used for treatment of infections caused by Plasmodium falciparum (2)
The
potential of plants as a source of drug discovery compounds to date have not
fully utilized. Approximately
250000-500000 plant species existing in the world today, accounting for only
about 6% of its bioactivity testing that has been done, and only about 15% that
have examined levels of the chemical. Given
the thousands of plants containing secondary metabolites are believed to play
an important role as a producer of chemical compounds that have pharmacological
activity. So
a challenge for scientists to explore the chemical compounds found in plants
that can be used for future drugs.
Synthesis
and Structure Modification
To
get a more effective compound or with the aim of reducing toxicity, can be
modified structure. In
addition to modification of the structure, which has been isolated compounds
can serve as a model compound in the total synthetic process. Total
synthetic compound performed usually for memepunyai simple structure, and does
not cost more expensive. Adakalnya
in the drug discovery process, it will require more time and cost expensive
lenih if desired compounds were isolated from the repeated nature. It
is therefore necessary that the total drug can be synthesized in the
laboratory. But
not all natural compounds can be synthesized, because the complexity of its
structure, da vinblastine vincristine is still produced from the plant, and yet
can be made synthetically.
3).
Factors Influencing the Selection of Solvent
a. Selectivity
Solvents may
only dissolve extract desired, not the other components of the material
extraction.
b. Village
Solvents
dissolve as much as possible have the ability to extract large.
c. Ability not intermingled
In liquid
extraction, solvent should not dissolve in the extraction of materials.
d. Density
Especially in
the extraction fluid, wherever there may be a large difference in density
between the solvent and extraction materials. It is intended that both phases
can be easily separated after mixing.
e. Reactivity
In general, the
solvent should not cause chemical changes in the component material extraction
komponent
f. Boiling
point
The boiling
point of the two materials should not be too close. In terms of economics, it
is advantageous if the boiling point of the solvent extraction process is not
too high.
g. Criteria
Solvents as much as possible should be:
Budget
Available in
large quantities
Non-toxic
Not flammable
Not korotif
Do not cause
the formation of emulsions
Having a low
viscosity
Stable in
chemical and thermal
Some of the most important solvent is water, organic acids and inorganic,
saturated hydrocarbons, tolven, ether, acetone, isopropanol, ethanol, carbon
disulfit (Bernasconi, et.all, 1995).
Terpenoids
Terpenoids are derivatives dehydrogenation and oxygenation of terpene
compounds. Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons produced by many plants and
some animal groups. Terpenes molecular formula is (C5H8) n.
Terpenoids also called isoprenoids. This is due to the same carbon skeleton as
compound isoprene. Terenoid chemical structure is a combination of the isoprene
unit, can be either open-chain or cyclic, may contain a double bond, hydroxyl,
carbonyl or other functional groups. The solvent used to extract the methanol
terpenoid compounds.
Flavonoids
Generally most of the extraction process materials containing flavonoids is
done simply with the addition of direct solvent extraction.
Powdered plant material can also be extracted using a Soxhlet, initially with
hexan, to remove lipids and then with ethyl acetate or ethanol to obtain
phenolic compounds. This method is unsuitable for the content of compounds that
are not heat resistant. The procedure is safe and commonly used sequential
solvent extraction. The first phase, with dichloromethane, to extract flavonoid aglycone and
content of non-polar. The next stage of the alcohol will extract and flavonoid
glycoside content of polar compounds.
Steroids
Broadly speaking, the isolation
of the sea cucumber steroid compounds consisting of two phases in the
extraction part of fat cucumbers, followed by extracting the steroid compounds.
Here is one study conducted Sarifah Nurjanah, et al (2009) to identify steroid
sand sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) in Indonesia.
Extraction of steroid cucumbers
done in two stages, namely fat extraction followed by extraction of steroids.
Fat extraction performed with acetone solvent by maceration, saponification
process is then performed using a solution of 1 M KOH and carried reflux at 70 ⁰ C for 1 hour. Steroids extracted using diethyl ether solvent.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids are one type of secondary metabolites.
what is of secondary metabolites??
that the metabolism of which is used by plants as a
defense, but specific and limited only owned by certain plants. Alkaloids are
more soluble in organic solvents than water.
4). Infrared
spectrophotometry is more widely used for identification of a compound through
the group functions. For the purpose of structure elucidation, the wavenumber
region 1400 - 4000 cm-1 which is at the left of the IR spectrum, an area that
is particularly useful for the identification of functional groups, which is
the absorption of the stretching vibration. Furthermore, the area just to the
right of wave numbers 1400 cm-1 are often very complicated because in this
region occurred absorption of stretching vibration and bending vibration, but
any organic compound having a Characteristic absorption in this region. It is
therefore part of the spectrum is called fingerprint region (fingerprint
region). Currently there are two kinds of instruments, namely IR and FTIR
spectroscopy (Furier Transformation Infra Red). FTIR is more sensitive and
accurate example to distinguish cis and trans forms, conjugated and isolated
double bonds and others are in indistinguishable IR spectrophotometer.
Furthermore, also known regions vibration of each
bond held by the organic compounds can be seen in Fig. below.
In interpreting the IR spectrum of the isolated compound / synthesis, the
focus of attention focused on the major functional groups such as carbonyl (C =
O), hydroxyl (OH), nitrile (CN) and others. Uptake single CC and CH sp3 should
not be so confused because almost all organic compounds have absorptions in the
region.
Here's a guide in analyzing the IR spectrum of an
organic compound:
1. Consider whether there is a carbonyl group (C = O) in the region 1820-1600
cm-1 and a sharp peak is very characteristic.
2. If there is a carbonyl group, then consider the
possibility of the following functional groups, if not then proceed to step 3.
a. Carboxylic acid will bring apda OH absorption region 3500-3300 cm-1
b. Amida will give a sharp NH absorption in the region around 3500 cm-1
c. Esther will bring a sharp and strong CO absorption at 1300-1000 cm-1
d. Anhirida will bring up the C = O absorption twins in 1810 and 1760 cm-1.
e. Aldehyde aldehyde CH will bring weak intensity sharply in 2850-2750 cm-1
both symmetry and
anti-symmetry
f. Ketones, if all the above does not arise.
3. If no carbonyl absorption then:
1. Test alcohol (-OH), taking into account the
wider uptake (typically once) at 3500-3300 cm-1 (confirmed with a carboxylic
acid) and reinforced with CO absorption at around 1300-1000 cm-1
2. Test amine (NH), with respect to the uptake medium at about 3500 cm-1
(confirmed by amide)
3. Test ether (CO), taking into account the
absorption at 1300-1000 cm-1 (confirmed with alcohols and esters)
4. C = C bond of alkenes and aromatics. For alkene
absorption appears at 1650 cm-1, whereas for the aromatic around 1650-1450
cm-1. Uptake CH aliphatic alkenes will appear below 3000 cm-1, whereas CH
vinilik benzene will appear above 3000 cm-1
5. Alkyne C ≡ C bond will
appear sharply weaker 2150 cm-1, whereas the C ≡ N nitrile medium and sharp will appear at 2250 cm-1
6. NO2 nitro group, giving a strong absorption around 1600-1500 cm-1 of the
anti-symmetric and also at 1390-1300 cm-1 for symmetric
7. When you get 1 to 6 above does not exist then the IR spectrum is strong
suspicion of hydrocarbons.
