MID SEMESTERS EXAM ANSWERS CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

NAME                   : YUNITA RUBI LESTARI

NIM                      : RSA1C110007

1). To find compound effective Dari Yang paled MATERIAL natural compounds, in addition to using Appropriate Toxicity Data can ALSO use analytical methods Isolation. Isolated compounds can be developed outreach process Illustrations That paled find effective compounds. Know the structure of the new compound CHEMICAL nil would be a "lead compound" In, formation so you can scale the Great Illustrations synthetic. Modify Structure O compounds, compounds Which Will Able to withstand levbih On. The pure compound was isolated ALSO be tested with different bioactivity, based not only related to the use of AT New Media bioactivity customary. In addition to using the method of extraction ALSO Insulation can be used to find active compounds. Illustration order to extract only contains active compounds contained in Yang, raw MATERIALS / Experience The penyari The optimal hedge Liquids Able to attract active compounds. Pure active compounds can be administered Illustration of looping, the dose given is more accurate. My husband, of course, can be achieved when kita managed to get pure compounds role Illustration biokativitasnya and share experimental dilakuakn selnajutnya to find the dose, the dose was prepared New Articles The RIGHT Way And The right way to give. The term is not Here Again gambling. There are several methods of extraction using Natural MATERIALS raw, such as maceration, infundasi, digestion, percolation and soxletasi.

2). Utilization of Plant Medicine

Since ancient times herbs have been utilized by humans to treat various types of diseases. How traditional medicine using the natural ingredients have been recorded in various documents stored neatly in China, India and North Africa. Even to this day still plant an exclusive source for producing chemical compounds that have a variety of pharmacological activities.
Data from a scientific journal reported, there were approximately 25% of all drugs prescribed to patients, a drug compounds derived from plants, 121 of which active substance is still in use today. Of 252 basic drugs and esential set by the WHO, 11% of whom are drug compounds that are exclusively derived from plants and in significant numbers also include synthetic compounds derived from natural precursor materials (1). Some examples of essential drugs isolated from plants antaralain digoxin from Digitalis spp plants, quinine and kinidin from Chinchona spp, morphine and codeine from Papaver somniferum and atropine from Atropa Belladona.

Prior to the 19th century in the form of extracts of plants used to treat various diseases. Around the beginning of the 19th century there was a change in the era of utilization of medicinal plants. At this time, scientists have managed to isolate pure compounds from plants such as strychnine, quinine, morphine, etc., which is still used as a drug. In this period of secondary metabolites from plants being the main target of research in order to find chemical compounds that have the potential as a medicine.

Plants selected as the source material providers are important in medicine caused by several things, among others:

• Plants can produce pure compounds that can be used directly as a drug. Examples are morphine quinine, vincristine and vinblastine.
• Plants can produce chemicals that can be used as model compounds in the synthesis of total or partial synthetic (modified structure) into compounds more effective or less toxic. Examples of drugs that are based on a model of natural compounds is metformin, verapamil, morphine, etc. taxolphodophyllotoxin.

• plant extracts can be used for treatment, without having to go through the insulating phase of pure compounds. Examples include gingko biloba and herbal medicines circulating in Indonesia.

Recent years these drug compounds produced from natural materials have become of particular concern to the pharmaceutical industry. As can be seen from the development representatifnya compound taxol, etoposide and artemisin who have managed through the clinical testing phase. Taxol is a chemical compound that was first isolated from the plant Taxus brevifolia. Isolation and structure determination of these compounds is based on the results of initial laboratory research showing that extracts of this plant showed activity against cancer cells. Although the bioactivity testing has been done in the early 1960s, the isolation and determination of new chemical structures completed in 1971. After going through the various stages of research, in 1980 the successful clinical testing in the 1990s dilakukan.Sekitar compound taxol and Taxotere derivatives turned out to have been clinically proven to be effective against breast cancer (breast cancer) and ovarian cancer (ovarian cancer) (2)

Podophyllin resin was first isolated from the plant Podophyllum peltatum, are compounds that are toxic. The main component of the resin is a memepunyai phodophyllotoxin lignans aktiviatas inhibit cell division. Due to the toxic nature of these compounds are less likely to be used as medicine. But look aktvitasnya can inhibit cell division, these compounds may be indicated compounds have potential cancer chemotherapy. A semisynthetic compound etoposide were made based on model compounds phodophyllotoxin apparently been tested clinically effective against lung cancer and testicular cancer (2)

Artemisinin is a chemical compound isolated from the plant Artemisia annua. Clinical testing has shown that this compound is used as an antimalarial effective and can be used for treatment of infections caused by Plasmodium falciparum (2)

The potential of plants as a source of drug discovery compounds to date have not fully utilized. Approximately 250000-500000 plant species existing in the world today, accounting for only about 6% of its bioactivity testing that has been done, and only about 15% that have examined levels of the chemical. Given the thousands of plants containing secondary metabolites are believed to play an important role as a producer of chemical compounds that have pharmacological activity. So a challenge for scientists to explore the chemical compounds found in plants that can be used for future drugs.

Synthesis and Structure Modification

To get a more effective compound or with the aim of reducing toxicity, can be modified structure. In addition to modification of the structure, which has been isolated compounds can serve as a model compound in the total synthetic process. Total synthetic compound performed usually for memepunyai simple structure, and does not cost more expensive. Adakalnya in the drug discovery process, it will require more time and cost expensive lenih if desired compounds were isolated from the repeated nature. It is therefore necessary that the total drug can be synthesized in the laboratory. But not all natural compounds can be synthesized, because the complexity of its structure, da vinblastine vincristine is still produced from the plant, and yet can be made synthetically.

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3). Factors Influencing the Selection of Solvent

a. Selectivity

Solvents may only dissolve extract desired, not the other components of the material extraction.

b. Village

Solvents dissolve as much as possible have the ability to extract large.

c. Ability not intermingled

In liquid extraction, solvent should not dissolve in the extraction of materials.

d. Density

Especially in the extraction fluid, wherever there may be a large difference in density between the solvent and extraction materials. It is intended that both phases can be easily separated after mixing.

e. Reactivity

In general, the solvent should not cause chemical changes in the component material extraction komponent

f. Boiling point

The boiling point of the two materials should not be too close. In terms of economics, it is advantageous if the boiling point of the solvent extraction process is not too high.

g. Criteria

Solvents as much as possible should be:

    Budget

    Available in large quantities

    Non-toxic

    Not flammable

    Not korotif

    Do not cause the formation of emulsions

    Having a low viscosity

    Stable in chemical and thermal

Some of the most important solvent is water, organic acids and inorganic, saturated hydrocarbons, tolven, ether, acetone, isopropanol, ethanol, carbon disulfit (Bernasconi, et.all, 1995).

Terpenoids

Terpenoids are derivatives dehydrogenation and oxygenation of terpene compounds. Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons produced by many plants and some animal groups. Terpenes molecular formula is (C5H8) n.
Terpenoids also called isoprenoids. This is due to the same carbon skeleton as compound isoprene. Terenoid chemical structure is a combination of the isoprene unit, can be either open-chain or cyclic, may contain a double bond, hydroxyl, carbonyl or other functional groups. The solvent used to extract the methanol terpenoid compounds.
Flavonoids
Generally most of the extraction process materials containing flavonoids is done simply with the addition of direct solvent extraction.
Powdered plant material can also be extracted using a Soxhlet, initially with hexan, to remove lipids and then with ethyl acetate or ethanol to obtain phenolic compounds. This method is unsuitable for the content of compounds that are not heat resistant. The procedure is safe and commonly used sequential solvent extraction. The first phase, with dichloromethane, to extract flavonoid aglycone and content of non-polar. The next stage of the alcohol will extract and flavonoid glycoside content of polar compounds.

Steroids

Broadly speaking, the isolation of the sea cucumber steroid compounds consisting of two phases in the extraction part of fat cucumbers, followed by extracting the steroid compounds. Here is one study conducted Sarifah Nurjanah, et al (2009) to identify steroid sand sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) in Indonesia.

Extraction of steroid cucumbers done in two stages, namely fat extraction followed by extraction of steroids. Fat extraction performed with acetone solvent by maceration, saponification process is then performed using a solution of 1 M KOH and carried reflux at 70 ⁰ C for 1 hour. Steroids extracted using diethyl ether solvent.

Alkaloids
Alkaloids are one type of secondary metabolites.

what is of secondary metabolites??

that the metabolism of which is used by plants as a defense, but specific and limited only owned by certain plants. Alkaloids are more soluble in organic solvents than water.

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4). Infrared spectrophotometry is more widely used for identification of a compound through the group functions. For the purpose of structure elucidation, the wavenumber region 1400 - 4000 cm-1 which is at the left of the IR spectrum, an area that is particularly useful for the identification of functional groups, which is the absorption of the stretching vibration. Furthermore, the area just to the right of wave numbers 1400 cm-1 are often very complicated because in this region occurred absorption of stretching vibration and bending vibration, but any organic compound having a Characteristic absorption in this region. It is therefore part of the spectrum is called fingerprint region (fingerprint region). Currently there are two kinds of instruments, namely IR and FTIR spectroscopy (Furier Transformation Infra Red). FTIR is more sensitive and accurate example to distinguish cis and trans forms, conjugated and isolated double bonds and others are in indistinguishable IR spectrophotometer.

Furthermore, also known regions vibration of each bond held by the organic compounds can be seen in Fig. below.

 In interpreting the IR spectrum of the isolated compound / synthesis, the focus of attention focused on the major functional groups such as carbonyl (C = O), hydroxyl (OH), nitrile (CN) and others. Uptake single CC and CH sp3 should not be so confused because almost all organic compounds have absorptions in the region.

Here's a guide in analyzing the IR spectrum of an organic compound:
1. Consider whether there is a carbonyl group (C = O) in the region 1820-1600 cm-1 and a sharp peak is very characteristic.

2. If there is a carbonyl group, then consider the possibility of the following functional groups, if not then proceed to step 3.
a. Carboxylic acid will bring apda OH absorption region 3500-3300 cm-1
b. Amida will give a sharp NH absorption in the region around 3500 cm-1
c. Esther will bring a sharp and strong CO absorption at 1300-1000 cm-1
d. Anhirida will bring up the C = O absorption twins in 1810 and 1760 cm-1.
e. Aldehyde aldehyde CH will bring weak intensity sharply in 2850-2750 cm-1 both symmetry and anti-symmetry

f. Ketones, if all the above does not arise.

3. If no carbonyl absorption then:

1. Test alcohol (-OH), taking into account the wider uptake (typically once) at 3500-3300 cm-1 (confirmed with a carboxylic acid) and reinforced with CO absorption at around 1300-1000 cm-1
2. Test amine (NH), with respect to the uptake medium at about 3500 cm-1 (confirmed by amide)

3. Test ether (CO), taking into account the absorption at 1300-1000 cm-1 (confirmed with alcohols and esters)

4. C = C bond of alkenes and aromatics. For alkene absorption appears at 1650 cm-1, whereas for the aromatic around 1650-1450 cm-1. Uptake CH aliphatic alkenes will appear below 3000 cm-1, whereas CH vinilik benzene will appear above 3000 cm-1

5. Alkyne C ≡ C bond will appear sharply weaker 2150 cm-1, whereas the C ≡ N nitrile medium and sharp will appear at 2250 cm-1
6. NO2 nitro group, giving a strong absorption around 1600-1500 cm-1 of the anti-symmetric and also at 1390-1300 cm-1 for symmetric
7. When you get 1 to 6 above does not exist then the IR spectrum is strong suspicion of hydrocarbons.

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